R1 is supposed to be a “PULLUP” resistor. That is, D5 should connect directly to the sensor data lines, and the resistor goes from that line to power. Since the NodeMCU is a 3.3 device, “power” is also 3.3V. See “Powering the DS18B20” on page 5 of the datasheet and have a close look at the associated figure 6. For your purposes, Vpu in that is the 3.3V that NodeMCU runs at, not the 5V at Vin. As long as the data pin can “source” 1.5mA, the added switch to power during temperature conversions is not needed.
Here is my take on the sketch document.
temperature.fzz (37.3 KB)
Fritzing is going to show the power jack however the part has been defined. That part is from sparkfun, and will have been designed to match their part. I do not know what you mean by “upside down” it looks correct to me, compared to the breakout board image and connectors in breadboard view. Power on the end, with the ground and gndbreak pin in middle and edge, and the open end pointed away, which would be off board so the plug will fit.
If you mean it was rotated 180 degrees on pcb view when initially placed, that is somewhat random. Fritzing does not have any information about which way it should be oriented. There is no intent to force the different views to be lined up the same way. Just because the power jack is on the left, facing left, in breadboard view does not mean it will be the same on the pcb.